Twentieth-Century Studies

Modern studies of varying utility are listed below. In general they are reliable.

Bennett, M. K. “The Food Economy of the New England Indians.” Journal of Polit­ical Economy 62(0ctober, 1955)5:369-97. A clever reconstruction of diet from archaeological remains.

Bradshaw, Harold Clayton. The Indians of Connecticut: the Effect of English Coloniza­tion and of Missionary Activity on Indian Life in Connecticut. Deep River: New Era Press, 1935. Useful bibliography, but a very superficial survey of sixty-three pages.

Brown, Raymond H. “The Housatonic Indians.” Bulletin of the Massachusetts Ar­chaeological Society 7(November, 1953).

Carder, Robert. “Captain John Underhill in Connecticut, 1642-1644.” Bulletin of the Underhill Society of America. New York: The Society, 1967.

Huquenin, Charles A. “Waramaug and the Indian Legend of Weantinaug (New Milford).” New York Folklore Quarterly 11 (Spring, 1955).

Josephy, Alvin M. “Indians of the Sound: 120 Centuries of a Noble Heritage” and “The Half Century of Ruin,” Parts I and II in On The Sound, January and February, 1972. Includes illustrations and a large map of Indian settlements along the sound. It is a discussion of the earliest Indian-European contact. Lots of photographs of Indians living on Long Island in the 20th century.

McQuaid, Kim. “William Apes, Pequot: An Indian Reformer in the Jackson Era.” New England Quarterly 50(December, 1977)4:605-25. Apes, born in 1798, grew up in eastern Connecticut, served unwillingly in the War of 1812, had a religi­ous conversion in 1813, and in 1817 returned to work among the Pequots in New York and New England. He wrote an autobiography and a study of White-Indian relations.

Moloney, Francis X. The Fur Trade of New England, 1620-1676. Cambridge: Har­vard University Press, 1931. But see Calvin Martin, Keepers of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).

Rainey, Froelich G. “A Compilation of Historical Data Contributing to the Ethnography of Connecticut and Southern New England.” Bulletin of the Ar­chaeology Society of Connecticut 1 (April, 1936)3. If you teach elementary grades, you will want a copy of this article, though it is hard to find. It discusses food, games, and lifestyle generally. Sterling Memorial Library at Yale has a copy; presumably the State Library does. It is not entirely superseded by How­ard Russell, cited above.

Ritchie, William A. “Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in Northeast North Ameri­ca,” in Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World. Edited by Gordon Willey. New York: Viking Fund Publications, 1956.

—, and Robert E. Funk, eds. Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. Albany: New York State Museum and Science Service, 1973.

Russell, Howard S. “New England Indian Agriculture.” Bulletin of the Mas­sachusetts Archaeological Society 22(1971). Material included in his book-length study, cited above.

Salwin, Bert. “A Tentative ‘in situ’ Solution to the Mohegan-Pequot Problem,” in The Connecticut Valley Indians: An Introduction to Their Archaeology and History. Edited by William R. Young. Springfield, Mass.: Springfield Museum of Sci­ence, 1969, pp. 81-88. Salwin is not unconvincing in his theory that the Pequots were indigenous to eastern Connecticut. This contradicts the conventional wis­dom, which holds that the Pequots came into the area in the late sixteenth cen­tury from west of the Hudson.

Spec, Frank. “A Note on the Hassanamisco Band of Nipmuc.” Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 4(July, 1943)4.

—“Native Tribes and Dialects of Connecticut.” Bureau of American Ethnology: 43rd Annual Report (1925-26).

—”Notes on the Mohegan and Niantic Indians.” American Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Papers 3(1909).

Spiess, Mathias. “Connecticut circa 1625: Its Indian Trails, Villages and Sachemdoms.” This is a large map published by the Connecticut Society of Colonial Dames in 1939. It is the most widely reprinted Connecticut Indian map, and most other maps showing the location of tribes are adapted from it.

Spingarn, Lawrence P. “Children of Uncas—The New England Indian Today.” The American Indian 8(Winter, 1958-59)2.

Stuitevant, William. “Two 1761 Wigwams at Niantic, Connecticut,” American Antiquity, vol. 40, no. 4:437-44. An excellent description of Indian housing.

Szasz, Margaret Connell. ‘“Poor Richard’ Meets the Native Schooling; Schooling for Young Indian Women in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut.” Pacific Histori­cal Review 49(May, 1980)2:215-35. A fascinating piece about three teenage In­dian girls who were trained for domestic service at Eleazer Wheelock’s school. They were sent out as domestics but did not thrive in the business.

Trigger, Bruce C. “The Mohawk-Mohican War, 1624-1628.” Canadian Historical Review 52(September, 1971)3.

Vaughan, Alden T. “A Test of Puritan Justice.” New England Quarterly. 38(September, 1966)3:331-39. Vaughan deals with the trial of the Wongunk chief Se­quin for having, with some Pequots, killed a number of Wethersfield settlers in a dispute over land in 1637. “Anyone who delves deeply into the mass of printed and unprinted New England documents will find much evidence to corroborate Puritan equity toward the Indians.” (p. 339)

Warner, Frederick William. “Some Aspects of Connecticut Indian Culture His­tory.” Doctoral dissertation, Hartford Seminary Foundation, 1970. This is an archaeological study and thus beyond the scope of this bibliography. It has much material descriptive of Indian ways of life in the immediate pre-contact era.

Warner, Robert Austin. “The Southern New England Indians to 1725: A Study in Culture Contact.” Doctoral dissertation, Yale, 1935. We include the entire abstract of this dissertation because it is an excellent and concise representation of the perspective and conclusions of Indian scholarship as put forth by academic anthropologists in the pre-World-War II era.

Warner, Robert Austin. "The Southern New England Indians 1725: A Study in Culture Contact." DD Anthropology Yale 1935. Written during the depths of the "national consensus" on race, this dissertation is, nevertheless, very useful. If you can get past the use of "redskins" and "savages," Warner's approach is highly sympathetic and professionally sensitive. Warner's focus is on eastern Massachusetts, eastern Connecticut, and Rhode Island. He ends his study in the aftermath of King Philip's War (1675-76). He has mined a wealth of printed 17^th century works and does a thorough job of bringing them together to form a comprehensible narrative and comprehensive analytical base. This is a work that makes a good starting point for a study of the contact and early settlement period of New England history.

Willoughby, Charles C. Antiquities of the New England Indians. Cambridge: Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 1935.

See also Occom and Uncas in the “Biography” section of this bibliography.